Baby Eczema: Causes, Symptoms and Gentle Care Tips for UK Parents

5 min read

Quick answer: Baby eczema is a chronic skin condition causing dry, itchy, inflamed patches, linked to genetics, a disrupted skin barrier and immune response rather than anything you've done wrong. Manage it by applying thick, fragrance-free emollients at least twice a day, using soap-free bath products, keeping nails short and dressing your baby in cotton. See your GP if emollients aren't controlling it. If it looks infected, get an urgent GP appointment or call NHS 111.

What parents need to know

Eczema is common in babies and young children: around 1 in 5 children in the UK are affected at some point. For many, it improves significantly by school age. But in the meantime, managing the symptoms and protecting your baby's skin takes patience, consistency, and the right products.

What is eczema?

Eczema (also called atopic dermatitis) is a chronic skin condition that causes patches of skin to become dry, itchy, inflamed, and sometimes cracked or weeping. In babies, it most commonly appears on the face, scalp, and outer parts of the arms and legs. It often improves over time but can flare up in response to triggers.

What causes baby eczema?

Eczema isn't caused by poor hygiene or anything you've done wrong. It's primarily linked to:

Genetics: Babies with a family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever (the "atopic triad") are more likely to develop it.
A disrupted skin barrier: Babies with eczema have a skin barrier that doesn't retain moisture as effectively, making the skin more vulnerable to irritants and allergens.
Immune system response: The skin reacts more strongly to environmental triggers.

Cute baby laughing and clapping in a white bathtub against a white background.

Common triggers to know

The Crib

Common baby eczema triggers to know

Everyday things that can make your baby's eczema flare up

Common triggers

Heat and sweating
Rough or scratchy fabrics (wool, polyester)
Fragranced soaps, bubble baths and washing powders
Dry or cold weather
Dust mites and pet dander
Certain foods (though food allergies as a trigger are less common than believed; always seek medical advice before eliminating foods)

Sources: NHS, National Eczema Society, NCT. General information, not medical advice.

How to manage baby eczema

Moisturise frequently

Regular emollient (moisturiser) application is the foundation of eczema management. Thick, fragrance-free emollients like Hydromol, Cetraben, or Doublebase are available on prescription and over the counter. Apply generously at least twice a day — more during flares. After bathing, pat (don't rub) the skin dry and apply emollient within a few minutes while the skin is still slightly damp.

Choose the right bath products

Use fragrance-free, soap-free cleansers or emollient-based bath products. Avoid bubble baths and conventional shampoos. Warm (not hot) water and short baths (around 10 minutes) are best.

For washing, use an emollient as a soap substitute rather than ordinary baby bath products, including those described as 'natural' or 'for sensitive skin', which may contain fragrance and other ingredients that can irritate the skin. Infatot doesn't make skincare products, so ask a pharmacist, health visitor or GP which emollient suits your baby.

Keep nails short

Babies can't help scratching, and scratching breaks the skin, increases the risk of infection, and makes the itch-scratch cycle worse. Keep nails trimmed and consider soft scratch mitts at night.

Dress in soft, breathable fabrics

100% cotton next to the skin is ideal. Avoid wool and synthetic fabrics that can irritate. Wash new clothing before use with a fragrance-free, non-biological washing powder.

Topical steroids: when prescribed

If emollients alone aren't controlling the eczema, your GP may prescribe a mild topical steroid cream for flares. Used correctly, these are safe and effective. Don't be afraid of them — but always follow the guidance about how often and for how long to use them.

When to get help

Ask for an urgent GP appointment or call NHS 111 if your baby has eczema and:

it is blistered, crusty, leaking fluid or has spots filled with pus
it is painful, swollen or feels warm
it suddenly gets worse or gets bigger
your baby has a high temperature or seems generally unwell

These can be signs that the eczema is infected, or of a more serious condition called eczema herpeticum. Your baby may need treatment such as antibiotics.

See your GP if:

Your baby's eczema is not controlled with over-the-counter emollients
The eczema is affecting your baby's sleep or distressing them significantly
You suspect a food allergy may be involved

Frequently asked questions

How often should I moisturise my baby's eczema?

Apply a thick, fragrance-free emollient generously at least twice a day, and more often during flares. After bathing, pat the skin dry and apply emollient within a few minutes while it's still slightly damp.

Can food cause my baby's eczema?

Certain foods can be a trigger, but food allergies are a less common trigger than many parents believe. Always seek medical advice before eliminating foods, and see your GP if you suspect a food allergy is involved.

Sources & further reading

General information, not individual medical advice. Speak to your GP, midwife or health visitor about your baby’s needs.